Synopsis: In the policy paper “Space as a Warfighting Domain: Reshaping Policy to Execute 21st Century Spacepower,” SABG Senior Defense Analyst Dr. Steve Lambakis examines the evolving nature of space as a contested warfighting domain. Once considered a sanctuary, space is now an arena where adversaries, particularly China and Russia, actively develop counter-space capabilities that threaten U.S. security. Their advancements in anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, directed energy systems, and cyber warfare highlight the urgent need for the United States to reassess its space defense policies and capabilities.
To address these threats, the U.S. has taken significant steps, including the establishment of the U.S. Space Force and U.S. Space Command to consolidate military space operations. These organizations aim to enhance deterrence and protect U.S. space assets from potential attacks. However, questions remain about how far the U.S. should go in adopting offensive space capabilities and whether space-based missile defenses should be developed to counter growing threats from hypersonic and ballistic missiles.
Despite recognizing space as a warfighting domain, U.S. policy remains uncertain on critical issues such as rules of engagement, permissible military activities in space, and international legal constraints. Treaties, political debates, and public perception continue to shape the level of military action the U.S. can take. To ensure national security, the U.S. must clearly define its strategic goals in space, increase public awareness of emerging threats, and strengthen partnerships with allies and the private sector to maintain technological superiority.
In the paper, Dr. Lambakis recommends a proactive policy approach that includes investing in layered missile defenses, enhancing space control capabilities, and developing clear deterrence strategies. This includes addressing policy gaps and funding challenges to ensure that U.S. spacepower is prepared for 21st-century conflict. Without decisive action, the nation risks falling behind in a domain that is rapidly becoming central to global military operations.
“Space as a Warfighting Domain: Reshaping Policy to Execute 21st Century Spacepower” by Dr. Steve Lambakis was first published in March 2021 by the National Institute for Public Policy. It can be found here.
